STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

ASSALAMUALAIKUM.

 This week we continue about the new topic :)

STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

Organizational information is stored in a database.

RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTAL

ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES

Entity

• the relational database model is a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which        information is stored.
• The table contain the entities
•      In figure below CUSTOMER, ORDER, ORDER LINE, PRODUCT and DISTRIBUTOR

Attributes (fields, columns)

• characteristics or properties of an entity classes
• in figure below
• attributes for CUSTOMER include Customer ID, Customer Name, Contact Name and Phone
• attributes for PRODUCT include Product ID, Product Description and Price.

KEYS AND RELATIONSHIP

to manage and organize various entity classes within the relational database model,developers must identify primary key and foreign keys.

• Primary key – a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table and important because they provide a way distinguishing each entity in a table.
• Foreign key – a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables

RELATIONAL DATABASE ADVANTAGES

From a business perspective database information have many advantage include:

• Increased flexibility
• Increased scalability and performance
• Reduced information redundancy
• Increased information integrity (quality)
• Increased information security

 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY

A good database:

• Can handle changes quickly and easily
• Business must able handle changes quickly and easily.
• Provide flexibility that allow users access information

Physical view – deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device such as hard disk.

Logical view – focuses on how users logically access information to meet t

heir particular business need.

INCREASED SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE 

A database must scale to meet increased demand,  while maintaining acceptable performance levels

• Scalability – refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
• Performance – measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction

REDUCED INFORMATION REDUNDANCY

Databases reduce information redundancy

• Redundancy -the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
• Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information

INCREASED INFORMATION INTEGRITY

Information integrity – measures the quality of information

Integrity constraint – rules that help ensure the quality of information.There are two type of integrity constraint :

1.  Relational integrity constraint - rule enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraint 
2.  Business-critical integrity constraint - enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraint.              

INCREASED INFORMATION SECURITY

Information is an organizational asset and must be protected

Databases offer several security features including:

• Password – provides authentication of the user
• Access level – determines who has access to the different types of information
• Access control – determines types of user access, such as read-only access

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Database management systems (DBMS)

software through which users and application programs interact with a database.

figure below in either  case users access the DBMS and the DBMS access the database.

DATA DRIVEN WEBSITES

  Data-driven Web sites –an interactive Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database and useful when the site offer a great deal or information, products or service.in figure below plays a Wikipedia user querying intelligence.

DATA DRIVEN WEB SITE BUSINESS ADVANTAGE

DATA DRIVEN BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE 

companies can gain business intelligence by viewing the data accessed and analyzed from their website.
figure below displays how running queries or using analytical tools.

INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

Integration – allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other

  Forward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes

  Backward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes.

  Building a central repository specifically for integrated information

figure above demonstration how this method work across the system or process sale,order,entry,order fulfillment.

THAT ALL THE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS TOPIC. :)

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VALUING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

ASSALAMUALAIKUM

Hi..we continue again about my new chapter :)

ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

*Organizational information comes at different levels and in different formats and granularities.

*Information Granularity refers to the extent of detail within the information.

*Employees must be able to correlate the different levels, formats, and granularities.

*Figure below displays types of information found in organizations.   

Successful collecting, compiling, sorting, and finally analysing information from multiple levels in varied formats, exhibiting different granularity can provide tremendous insight into how an organization is performing.

THE VALUE OF TRANSACTIONAL AND ANALYTICAL INFORMATION.

Transactional information- encompasses all of the information contained within a single business process or unit of work and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks.

~example : withdrawing cash from an ATM.

Analytical information- encompasses all organizational information and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks and include transactional information with other information such as market and industry  information.

~example : trends, sales, products, statistics, and future growth projections.

 Figure above shows different types of transactional and analytical information.

THE VALUE OF TIMELY INFORMATION

*The important of timely information can change each business decision.

*Real-time information –immediate , up-to-date information

*Real-time systems – provide real-time information in response to query requests.

#Many organizations use real-time systems to exploit key corporate transactional information.

THE VALUE OF QUALITY INFORMATION

^Business decisions are only as good as the quality of the information used if it was to remain competitive decision.

^Figure below show five characteristics common to high quality information : accuracy, completeness, consistency, uniqueness and timeliness.

The several issues with low-quality information including:

·         Missing information

·         Incomplete information

·         Duplication information

·         Wrong information

·         Inaccurate information

The four sources of low-quality information are:

• Online customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy.
• Different systems have different information entry standards and formats.
• Call center operators enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save time.
• Third-party and external information contains inconsistencies , inaccuracies and errors.

UNDERSTANDING THE COSTS OF POOR INFORMATION

Bad information can cause serious business ramifications such as:

§- Inability to accurately track customers that affects CRM and SCM

§- Difficulty identifying the organization’s most valuable customers.

§- Inability to identify selling opportunities and wasted revenue from marketing to nonexisting customers and nondeliverable mail.

§- Difficulty tracking revenue because of inaccurate invoices .

§- Inability to build strong relationship with customers.

UNDERSTANDING THE BENEFITS OF GOOD INFORMATION

• High quality information improve the chances of making a good decision
• Increase an organization’s  bottom line.
• High quality information to make solid strategic business decision.

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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIES INITIATIVES

ASSALAMUALAIKUM,

In this topic it related with the previous topic which is measuring the success of strategic initiative and we have to understand this topic for the better understanding.

INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES.

~Employees across the organization must work closely together to develop strategic initiative that create competitive advantage.
~Understanding the basic structure of a typical IT department including titles, roles, and responsibilities will help and organization build cohesive enterprisewide team.

IT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES.

The Chief Information Officer (CIO) – responsible for overseeing all uses of information technology and to ensuring the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives.

Ø  Manager – ensure the delivery of all IT projects, on time and within budget.

Ø  Leader – ensure the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of the organization.

Ø  Communicator – advocate and communicate the IT strategy by building and maintaining strong executive relationships.

The Chief Technology Officer (CTO) – responsible for ensuring the throughput, speed, accuracy, availability, and reliability of an organization’s information technology. *CTO are similar to CIOs except that CIOs takes on the additional responsibility for effectiveness of ensuring that IT is aligned with organization’s strategic initiatives.*

The Chief Security Officer (CSO) - responsible for ensuring the security ogf IT systems and developing strategies and IT safeguards against attack from hackers and viruses.  

The Chief Privacy Officer (CPO) – is responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization. CPO are the newest senior executive position in IT.

The Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) – responsible for collecting, maintain and distributing the organization’s knowledge. The CKO design programs and system that make easy for people to reuse knowledge.

The Gap Between Business Personnel and IT Personnel

Business Personnel	IT Personnel
-         -    Process expertise in functional areas such as marketing -          - Have their own vocabularies based on their experience and expertise	-          - Have the technological expertise -          - Have their own vocabularies consisting of acronyms and technical terms.
Improving Communications -          Must seek to increase their understanding of IT	Improving Communications -          - Must understand the business if the organization is going to determine which technology can benefits (or hurt) the business

Organizational Fundamentals – Ethics and Security

-          - are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their business on.

Ethics – the principles and standards that guide our behavior towards other people.

Intellectual property	Intangible creative work that is embodies in physical form
Copyright	The legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such as a song, video games and some types of proprietary documents.
Fair use Doctrine	In certain situations, it is legal to use copyrighted materials.
Pirated software	The unauthorized use, duplication, distribution, or sale of copyright software.
Counterfeit software	Software that is manufactured to look like a real things and sold as such.
^  Issues Affected by Technology’s Advance

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MEASURING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY'S SUCCESS

ASSALAMUALAIKUM,

Alright today I want to update my blog after two week my mid-term break. I'll will continue with a information about my chapter 4 which is Measuring Information Technology's Success.

INTRODUCTION

• IT has become an important part of organization's strategy, competitive advantage and profitability.
• There is management pressure to build systems faster, better and minimum cost.
• The first thing manager need to understand about IT success is that it is incredibly difficult to measure.
• So,manager would to designing metrics requires an expertise that neither IT nor business professionals usually possess.
• Metric are about neither technology nor  business technology

EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS

This is two primary types of IT metrics.

Conclusion effectiveness focuses on how well an organization is achieving its goals and objective while efficiency focuses on the extent to which an organization is using resources in an optimal way.

BENCHMARKING-BASELINE METRICS

Benchmarking is a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those result to optimal system performance and identifying steps and procedures to improve system performance.

THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS

Common type of efficiency and effectiveness IT metrics

                             

This is important to monitor because they do not always guarantee effectiveness and it determined according to an organization's goals, strategies and objectives.

METRICS FOR STRATEGIC INITIATIVE

*Metrics are at the heart of a good, customer-focused management system and any program directed at continuous improvement.

*Most manager are familiar with financial metrics but unfamiliar with information system metrics.the following metrics help managers measure and manage their strategic initiative.

• Website Metrics.
• Supply Chain Management Metrics
• Customer Relationship Management Metrics.
• Business Process Reengineering Metrics.
• Enterprise Resource Planning Metrics.

WEBSITE METRICS.

*Most companies measure the traffic on a website as the primary determinant of the website's success.

*Heavy website traffic not necessarily indicate large sale and the organization with lots of website traffic have minimal sale.

*Use this type of metric to determine revenue generated,the number of new customer acquired and any reductions in customer service calls.

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT METRICS

*Help organization understand how it's operating over a given time period.

*Can cover many areas including procurement, production, distribution, warehousing, inventory, transportation and customer service.

                         

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT METRICS

BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND ENTERPRISE RESOURCES PLANNING METRICS

*Both are large, organizationwide initiative.

*To measure these types is extremely difficult and best method to used scorecard.

*The balanced scorecard is a management system to measurement system that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action.

*The balanced scorecard views the organization from four perspectives, and users should develop metrics, collect data, and analyze their business relative to each of these perspectives :

• The learning and growth perspective.
• The internal business process perspective.
• The customer perspective.
• The financial perspective.(Figure below)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

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